What is one of the sources of energy for a pressure vessel burst?

Overfilling is a significant source of energy for a pressure vessel burst. When a pressure vessel is overfilled, the liquid level inside exceeds the design capacity, leading to increased internal pressure. This occurs because the liquid not only occupies the intended volume but also reduces the space available for gas, which can lead to excessive pressure buildup as temperature increases or as gases expand.

In many pressure vessels, the gaseous phase above the liquid is critical for absorbing thermal energy and maintaining pressure equilibrium. If the vessel is overfilled, there may not be enough vapor space to accommodate the pressure increase that results from thermal expansion or other processes, which can ultimately result in a structural failure of the vessel. Thus, overfilling contributes directly to the energy that could cause a rupture or burst, making it a crucial safety concern in the operation and design of pressure vessels.