How can toxic materials be released during an explosion?

Toxic materials can be released during an explosion primarily when debris penetrates a vessel or other process equipment. During an explosion, the force can produce shrapnel or debris that can breach containment structures such as chemical storage tanks or reactors. When such breaches occur, the contents of these vessels, which may include toxic chemicals, can be released into the environment.

This mechanism is critical because it highlights the physical damage caused by explosions, which can lead to unintended releases, causing safety and health risks for personnel and the surrounding community. Other factors may also contribute to the release of toxic materials, but this choice directly addresses the consequence of structural failure due to an explosive event.

Other options do not encompass the same level of direct impact on containment loss during an explosion. While vaporization and product decomposition can lead to the release of harmful substances, they are not directly linked to explosion phenomena in the same way that physical breaches are. Fire exposure can certainly release toxins, but it is not a necessary condition for an explosion and does not capture the unique risks associated with explosion-induced damage to equipment.